ADAS - Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

ADAS – Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Safety Statement

Information and Administration:

• The course will start at 9.00am and finish at 5:00pm. Lunch and refreshments will be provided at the times advised by the training instructor. Workshop Safety • It will be expected that all necessary workshop health and safety procedures are followed e.g. the wearing of suitable work wear, safety footwear, eye and ear protection when in the workshops is mandatory. We recommend that barrier cream and workshop gloves are used at all times. • Ensure that you are fully aware of the emergency stop procedure for any of the rotating equipment used during the course. While working on rotary test equipment or engines, please ensure that all loose clothing is secure and can not get caught in the equipment or engine parts.

Introduction

Fire Escape Smoking Areas Toilets Mobile Phone, please switch off or on silent

Group introductions…..

What are Advanced Driver Assistance Systems?

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems often shortened to ADAS, is the use of components fitted to a vehicle, to aid or help the driver’s driving experience.

These components can be as simple as parking sensors, to more advanced systems like autonomous emergency braking and lane departure.

The use of ever more sophisticated Driver Assistance, is developing to the point where one sensor can now control several different systems and modules on the vehicle. In nearly all cases they are Safety Critical.

ADAS Systems Sensors Include

Ultrasonic Sensors Long Range Radar Sensors Short/Medium Range Radar Sensors

Camera Sensors (Both Normal and Infrared) Light Detecting and Ranging Sensors (LIDAR)

Laser Sensors Impact Sensors Rain/Light Sensor

Typical ADAS Systems

• Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) • Glare-free High Beam and Pixel Light

• Crosswind Stabilization • Cruise Control

• Adaptive Light Control: Swiveling Curve

• Driver Drowsiness Detection

Lights • Anti-lock Braking System

• Driver Monitoring System • Electric Vehicle Warning Sounds used in

• Automatic Parking

Hybrids and Plug-in

• Automotive Night Vision

• Intelligent Speed Adaptation or Intelligent

• Blind Spot Monitor

Speed Advice (ISA)

• Collision Avoidance System (Pre-crash System)

Typical ADAS Systems

• Rain Sensor • Surround View System

• Intersection Assistant • Hill Descent Control

• Tyre Pressure Monitoring

• Lane Departure Warning System

• Traffic Sign Recognition • Turning Assistant

• Lane Change • Night Vision

• Vehicular Communication Systems

• Parking Sensor

• Wrong-way Driver Warning

• Pedestrian Protection System

• Emergency Driver Assistant

• Forward Collision Warning

Sensors Around the Vehicle

Blind spot

Stereo Camera

All-round vision

Oncoming traffic

Traffic signs

Parking

Med Radar

All-round vision

Parking

ACC

Parking

Lane change

LR Radar

Collision

LiDaR

Ultrasonics (2-4m)

Camera (~80m)

Short-/Medium Range Radar (~20m)

Long Range Radar (~250m)

LiDaR (~150m)

Sensors Around the Vehicle

Rain Sensors

• Detects rain droplets on the windscreen to in turn activate the wipers • The sensor is fitted behind the windscreen and can also incorporate a light sensor • This system is fitted as standard to most makes and models

TPMS – Tyre Pressure Monitor System

• There are 2 main types of TPMS system used within vehicles • Indirect systems - Using the ABS sensor to monitor the rolling circumference of the wheel • Direct systems - Using an electronic TPMS valve inside the wheel to monitor the pressure and temperature of the tyre

Ultrasonic Sensors

Primarily used for parking applications, also used for:

• Auto-park Features • Trailer Assist Features • Blind Spot Detection • Low Speed Object Warnings

Parking Sensor

• Using mainly ultrasonic sensors • Early systems offered an audible warning to the driver • Current systems offer an image display with easy identification of obstacles

Surround/360 ° View

• Often using 4 or more cameras around the vehicle • The images are stitched together to create a “Birds Eye” view of the vehicle and its surroundings • Parking sensors are normally also incorporated into this system

Automatic Park Assist

• Using ultrasonic sensors and sometimes short-range radar, the vehicle can both parallel park and reverse park

• The vehicle needs to be fitted with electromechanical steering for the system to fully control the car

Crosswind Stabilization

• Mainly used on larger vehicles such as SUV’s and Van’s • Uses the lateral acceleration sensor • Uses the vehicles brakes, steering and suspension systems depending on the vehicle • The system can counteract wind gusts that could normally cause the vehicle to drift out of lane

Hill Descent Control • Used to maintain the vehicles speed when descending steep inclines • Uses Engine control, Brakes, Gear Control and sometimes electromechanical steering • Predominantly fitted to 4x4 and off-road SUV Vehicles

Front Camera • The Front Camera can be either mono or stereo and is always mounted behind the windscreen for protection from mechanical damage. • The front camera can be used for a variety of applications within the ADAS system from simple tasks such as reading road signs to lane departure.

Front Camera Image Processing

The image is taken through the front camera and the raw data is sent via the vehicle's communication network to the processing module

The processing module then renders/processe

Outputs/Activations are made based on the processed data from the module

s this data to analyse this information

Front Camera Image Processing

These images show how the NVidia Driveworks software identifies vehicles and pedestrians, allowing connected systems to react.

Front Camera Image Processing • The image on the left shows the first render of the image

• The image in the right shows a fully rendered image with the drive path calculated

Glare-Free High Beam

• Using the front camera other drivers are recognized and blocked out by the headlights • Earlier systems lowered the complete main beam • Later systems block the individual objects out from the main beam pattern. These are known as Adaptive or Matrix Headlights.

Swivelling/Turn Headlamps

• Normally using the vehicle's steering angle sensor, the headlamp beam is turned to light the path of the vehicle.

• Newer more advanced systems also use the front camera to dynamically adjust the headlamps.

Night Vision

• Normally fitted to higher end models as an optional extra • Not as common with the introduction of LED and Laser headlights • This system requires an infrared camera and transmitter to be fitted to the vehicle

Lane Departure Warning/Assist

• Using the front camera the road ahead is monitored along with road markings • Some systems will inform the driver if they are drifting from the lane • Assist systems will correct the vehicle to stay in lane with the use of electromechanical steering

Long Range Radar

Long Range Radar

• If a radar sensor is 2 ° incorrectly adjusted at the end of 250m (its normal operating range) the reference point is over 8.5m incorrect.

250m

2° 8.725m

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

• Using the front radar sensor the vehicles distance is maintained by adjusting the vehicle speed up and down to a max speed • Next generation adaptive cruise control can also use the satnav and GPS system to know when to slow down for bends

Short/Medium Range Radar

• Short and Medium range radar sensors are generally fitted behind the rear quarter or front bumper. They are used to monitor the environment closer to the vehicle. • These could be Blind Spot Detection or Pedestrian Detection systems

Blind Spot Detection/Monitor

• Uses short / medium range radar or ultrasonic sensors • Normally indicated by a light in the mirror or A pillar • Newer systems can stop the vehicle moving into the path of another vehicle, if detected by the radar sensor.

Turning Assistant

• Used to automatically turn the vehicle 180 ° on roads and tight areas • Using ultrasonic sensors, short range radar, auto brake, electromechanical steering and cameras • Fitted to higher end vehicles normally as an optional extra

Intersection/Cross Traffic Assistant

• Using medium and long-range radar • The area around the vehicle and vehicles turning path are monitored • If traffic is deemed to cross the path of the vehicle it will stop accordingly or react

LiDar • LiDar sensor can be mounted in the front bumper (Normally scanning LiDar) or within the windscreen on the vehicle. • The sensor transmits light on the laser frequency to detect objects. • LiDar can be used for several ADAS related tasks such as

autonomous emergency braking and pedestrian detection

Pre-Crash Systems/Forward Collision Warning

• Notify the driver of a possible collision • Some systems can intervene with braking and slow the vehicle down or bring it to a complete stop • Seat belt tensioners and airbags can be primed ready for impact using this system • Windows and sunroof can be closed, and seat positions can be changed

Pedestrian Protection System

• Using shock sensors mounted in the bumper, bonnet pyrotechnics or spring mechanisms are activated • LiDar, Short Range Radar and camera systems can also be used to prime this system • Some spring mechanism systems can be reset. All pyrotechnic systems need replacement after activation

Drowsiness Detection

• Earlier systems monitor steering angle to track steering patterns

• More advanced system use the front camera to track road markings and lane position • High end systems have driver facing cameras that monitor the drivers face and eyes. These detect a lowering of the driver's blink rate which suggest tiredness or fatigue

Emergency Driver Assistance

• Monitors the drivers using a driver facing camera or electronic wristband • Monitors the vehicle driver styles • If the driver loses consciousness the car will bring itself to a safe stop • The system will then contact the emergency services to alert them there is a problem and give the cars location

Speed Adaption and Warning • Speed signs are monitored via the front camera and displayed in the media system or instrument cluster

• Some systems can limit the maximum vehicle speed and can be used in conjunction with Adaptive Cruise Control

Vehicle Communication System

• Vehicles communicate to exchange data and information, commonly termed as infrastructure • Current systems can alert other cars of rough road surfaces and traffic situations • Further developments could include traffic light communication, emergency service communication and road work communication, using transmitter beacons

Audi A4 (2017) ADAS Video

Why Is It Important To Calibrate?

• Incorrect calibration values can cause incorrect operation • Most ADAS systems are safety critical so accuracy is paramount to assist in correct function • It’s impossible to check if a sensor is calibrated. It should always be calibrated if in doubt • Drivers become reliant on ADAS systems and may assume they are functioning correctly after work has been carried out • The repairer can be held liable if any ADAS system isn’t calibrated and work is carried out that requires an ADAS calibration

Wheel Alignment Effects

CSC-Tool

• Correct vehicle geometry is a prerequisite • Electronic calibration is set to the rear axle which incorporates the vehicles thrust angle. • Always follow manufacturers recommendations regarding vehicle geometry

Front axle

Thrust Angle

Rear axle

Toe Angle

Toe In (front of the wheels point inwards)

Toe Out (front of the wheels point outwards)

Thrust Axis

Thrust angle is the direction that the rear wheels are pointing in relation to the centre line of the vehicle. If the thrust angle is not zero, the vehicle will “crab” and steer to the opposite side to the thrust line. The steering wheel will not be centred. The best solution is to first adjust the rear toe. This is normally done during four-wheel alignment as long as the rear toe is adjustable. If the rear is not adjustable, then the front toe must be set to compensate for the thrust angle, allowing the steering to be centred.

Thrust Axis

The steering correction, would need to be turned to the left in the below scenario, to make this vehicle drive straight.

Thrust Line

When to Calibrate

• If a windscreen has been replaced • If geometrical axis has changed, for example if the vehicle has had wheel alignment performed or adjusted • If a mechanical repair has been performed that affects geometry, for example, new springs, steering rack or associated components • Following a crash repair, which could misalign vital components

What Can Impact ADAS Senor Function?

• Wheel and axle geometry • Paint thickness • Metallic object near sensors • Filler and body bonding • Opacity of glass • Damage to the windscreen • Bumper repairs in front of a radar sensor

Workshop

Important – ensure accurate set up of your ADAS equipment, do not skip or miss any steps in the set-up process. This is detrimental to the calibration success.

All ADAS equipment have slightly different set-up depending on make and model, follow the instructions provided every time.

Post Calibration

• A global fault code scan should be carried out to check for any faults in ADAS modules and other related modules. • The function of the system should be tested on a road-test if safe and possible. • Its also important to note there are no fault codes store in other systems that could deactivate any of the ADAS systems. • If possible, a certificate should be printed from the diagnostic tool for the customer and workshop records, this is confirmation the system has been fully calibrated satisfactorily.

Thank you for your time, Any questions?